Researchers: Oldest Evidence of Lead Pollution Found in Greece
2025-02-10
LRC
TXT
大字
小字
滚动
全页
1Ancient Greece produced the earliest records of democracy - and, scientists now say, lead pollution.
2That is the finding of a study that recently appeared in Communications Earth and Environment.
3The researchers studied sediment cores removed from mainland Greece and below the Aegean Sea.
4They found in the cores the oldest known evidence of lead pollution in the environment dating back around 5,200 years.
5That is 1,200 years older than the former oldest evidence of lead pollution.
6That evidence was discovered in Serbia.
7In ancient times, lead was released into the atmosphere as a product of copper and silver production.
8The toxic, or poisonous, metal turned to dust over time and settled onto the soil.
9Joseph Maran of Heidelberg University was a co-writer of the new study.
10"Silver was used for jewelry, for special objects - but it wasn't found in a pure state," it was mined in ore combined with lead, Maran said
11The place with the earliest signs of lead is in northeastern Greece, near the island of Thasos.
12Past evidence suggests Thasos was one of the area's most important places for silver mining and metalwork, said Maran.
13Yale historian Joseph Manning, who was not involved in the study, said "Lead released from smelting is the world's first form of toxic or industrial pollution."
14The researchers found that levels of lead contamination remained fairly low in ancient Greece.
15The levels remained low throughout the Bronze Age, the Classical period and the Hellenistic period.
16The Classical period is famous for Athenian democracy, and the thinkers Socrates and Plato.
17And the Hellenistic period saw Greek cultural influence reach its height across the Mediterranean.
18But the new study shows that around 2,150 years ago "a very strong and abrupt increase" in lead releases caused by human activities took place across Greece, said co-writer Andreas Koutsodendris of Heidelberg University.
19Around that time, the Roman army won control of the Greek peninsula, completely changing the area's society and economy.
20As Roman trade, colonies and shipping grew across the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, demand for silver coins also grew.
21As a result, more smelting was required, Koutsodendris said.
22Later the Roman Empire used lead to make tools for eating and building, including pipes.
23Past research - including a study of ice cores from Greenland - had detected high levels of lead across much of the Northern Hemisphere during Roman times.
24But the new study adds a more exact "and local picture to how lead levels changed," said Nathan Chellman.
25Chellman, an environmental scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno, was not involved in the research.
26I'm John Russell.
1Ancient Greece produced the earliest records of democracy - and, scientists now say, lead pollution. 2That is the finding of a study that recently appeared in Communications Earth and Environment. The researchers studied sediment cores removed from mainland Greece and below the Aegean Sea. They found in the cores the oldest known evidence of lead pollution in the environment dating back around 5,200 years. 3That is 1,200 years older than the former oldest evidence of lead pollution. That evidence was discovered in Serbia. 4In ancient times, lead was released into the atmosphere as a product of copper and silver production. The toxic, or poisonous, metal turned to dust over time and settled onto the soil. 5Joseph Maran of Heidelberg University was a co-writer of the new study. 6"Silver was used for jewelry, for special objects - but it wasn't found in a pure state," it was mined in ore combined with lead, Maran said 7The place with the earliest signs of lead is in northeastern Greece, near the island of Thasos. Past evidence suggests Thasos was one of the area's most important places for silver mining and metalwork, said Maran. 8Yale historian Joseph Manning, who was not involved in the study, said "Lead released from smelting is the world's first form of toxic or industrial pollution." 9The researchers found that levels of lead contamination remained fairly low in ancient Greece. The levels remained low throughout the Bronze Age, the Classical period and the Hellenistic period. The Classical period is famous for Athenian democracy, and the thinkers Socrates and Plato. And the Hellenistic period saw Greek cultural influence reach its height across the Mediterranean. 10But the new study shows that around 2,150 years ago "a very strong and abrupt increase" in lead releases caused by human activities took place across Greece, said co-writer Andreas Koutsodendris of Heidelberg University. 11Around that time, the Roman army won control of the Greek peninsula, completely changing the area's society and economy. As Roman trade, colonies and shipping grew across the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, demand for silver coins also grew. As a result, more smelting was required, Koutsodendris said. 12Later the Roman Empire used lead to make tools for eating and building, including pipes. 13Past research - including a study of ice cores from Greenland - had detected high levels of lead across much of the Northern Hemisphere during Roman times. 14But the new study adds a more exact "and local picture to how lead levels changed," said Nathan Chellman. Chellman, an environmental scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno, was not involved in the research. 15I'm John Russell. 16Christina Larson reported on this story for the Associated Press. John Russell adapted it for VOA Learning English. 17_______________________________________________________ 18Words in This Story 19sediment core - n. a sample of circular layers of the Earth's ground that gives information about surface conditions over time 20smelt - v. to melt or fuse a substance to separate the metals 21abrupt - adj. sudden and unexpected